Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks

Suppression of Flammable/Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks Introduction The use, storage, and handling of flammable liquids or chemicals require appropriate measures to protect people from fires or explosions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Suppression of Flammable/Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Experience has proven that poor safety practices when handling combustible or flammable liquids can be a major cause of explosions or fires that can cause injuries and at times death (Hildebrand and Gregory 21). Important terms Before looking at this subject, one must know various important terms relating to the subject. The flash point of a liquid describes the lowest temperature at which the liquid generates enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air close to the liquid’s surface (NFPA 6s of these industries include but not limited to power plants, oil refineries as well as car manufacturing plants. Most of this facilities store their flammable liquids in atmospheric storage tanks. The sizes of these tanks may vary with some having a diameter as large as 350 feet and capable of holding quantities exceeding 1.5 million barrels of liquid (Hildebrand and Gregory 18). The classification of storage tanks is mainly based on the type of roofs that they have. There are several types of storage tank that may include; internal (covered) floating roof, domed external floating roof and open top floating roof (Crawford 25). While choosing a storage tank several things are considered including the location as well as the liquid that will be stored in the tank. For those liquids that are flammable, it is advised that they be stored in large cone roof tanks. If this is not possible, they may be stored in underground tanks or tanks that are lowly pressurized. Flammable liquids are mainly stored in internal floating roof tanks or open top floating roof tanks when in large quantities and in small low-pressure horizontal or vertical tanks and underground tanks (Shelley 63).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Suppression of Flammable/Combustible Liquids in Storage Tanks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Open-top floating roof tanks These types of tanks are those that are used and have no fixed roof. Their roof is made to float on the liquid in the tank and the roof can rise or fall according to the level of the flammable liquid in the storage tank. â€Å"The tanks are fitted with rim seals to prevent vapors from escaping to the atmosphere† (Hildebrand and Gregory 33). Internal floating roof tanks These types of tanks are made having two roofs where one is a permanent roof and the other is a floating roof. Internal floating roof tanks are usually equipped with vertical supports for the permanent roof (Hildebrand and Gregory 33). Just like the open –top floating roof the internal roof will float on the liquid and will ri se and fall as the level of the liquid in the storage tank changes. This roof will usually float on pontoons and other times it will be fixed with a double deck that helps it to float on the liquid. In order to allow the space between the two roofs to breathe, the fixed roof is usually constructed with air vents. These vents are fitted since the vapor space of the fixed roof is considered lower than the flammable limits (Shelley 64). In the attempt to avoid fumes escaping from the tank, seals are fitted in the rim seal spaces of the tank. The internal floating tanks are mostly used to store liquids that are very flammable such as petrol. Fixed roof tanks These are vertical cylindrical structures made of steel and have a permanent attached roof (Shelley 64). In industries that mostly deal with petrol the roofs are cone shaped and this gives them their name fixed cone roof tanks. In fixed roof tanks, the roof is usually slightly domed or flat to allow a vapor space between the under side of the roof and the surface of the liquid and to prevent the accumulation of water (NFPA 7-16).Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the construction of the tanks, API standards are followed and the tanks are fitted with a weak roof that helps to shell seam. This allows the roof and the main structure shell to separate in case of internal over pressure arising from explosion or other situations. Storage tank fire: Causes and Prevention Every year there are very many cases of storage tank fires in the world. The causes of this fire can be as a result of human errors, inappropriate safety policies or simple design errors. The following section presents various causes of storage fires and the appropriate suppression, prevention techniques. Overfill fires These fires occur above ground in the dike surrounding the storage tank due to leakages in the pipe or tanks (Crawford 33). These types of fires can occur on any storage tank that is above the ground. Most of these fires are caused by operators’ errors and at times the malfunction of equipment or both. This leads into the spillage of the flammable or com bustible liquid into the dike above ground. It is important to identify the source of the spillage and isolate all source of ignition from the spillage in order to prevent overfill ignition. An example of overspill fires is the Buncefield oil depot fire that occurred in December 11, 2005 in Hertfordshire, UK (Crawford 35). The oil depot was struck by lightning leading to the malfunction of the safety system responsible for stopping the flow of unleaded gasoline into the storage tank. Over 300 tons of gasoline overflowed from the tanks and began filling the containment dike. Finally, the vapor cloud from the spill flowed over the dyke and spread to surrounding areas in the facility. Sometime later, an explosion originated from a nearby car park and spread quickly to other areas of the facility and finally reaching the dikes. It took over five days for the fire to be extinguished completely. Vent fires These are the types of fires resulting from the ignition of fugitive vapors exiti ng tank vents, mainly during tank filling (Hildebrand and Gregory 35). In most cases, the fires usually are as a result of lightning but can also be caused by static discharge, electrical arcing and human activities near the location of the tank. Vent fires can occur in any type of storage space tanks apart from external suspended-roof tanks, which do not hold any vents. In order to prevent static discharge in the storage tanks, API standards have been developed to identify the correct conditions and flow rates. Another way of suppressing vent fires is through ensuring that the tanks are relatively safe from lightning from applying lightning protectors as per NFPA guidelines (NAFP 20-217) and that any human activities near the tanks are closely monitored. Rim-Seal Fires In floating roof tanks, especially external floating roof tanks, the most common types of fires are rim-seal fires. According to studies, 95% of all rim-seal fires are as a result of lightning strikes. Studies also claim that during any one year, 0.16% of all tanks fitted with rim seals will suffer a rim seal fire. According to NFPA 780, one of the main methods of preventing rim seal fires is through the installation of roof shunts that enable the dissipation of energy from lightning strikes and thus prevent fires (12). Recent studies have also shown that rim-seal fires can be mitigated by ensuring that tight-fitting seals (both primary and secondary) have been installed and are effective in restricting the escape of vapors from the tanks. These fires can also be mitigated by ensuring the submerged grounding cables are in place to connect the storage tank shell and the roof. It is also important to install monitoring systems and other fire fighting systems to detect rim fires and to allow rapid response when dealing with these fires (Ritchie 6). Full Surface fires These types of fires occur when the entire surface of the liquid in the storage tank is on fire (Hildebrand and Gregory 37). Ful l surface fires can exist either as obstructed full surface fires or as unobstructed full-surface fire. â€Å"Obstructed full –surface fires are those fires that have the roof or pan blocking access to the burning part† (Hildebrand and Gregory 38). These types of fires usually occur due to sinking of the roof or the pan. Roof sinking may arise due to several factors. First, sinking may occur due to accumulation of rain on the roof exceeding the design standards for the tank. Secondly, sinking may also occur when the pontoon is filled with the contents of the tank mainly due to corrosion or other failure. Finally, sinking may also take place due to inappropriate use of firefighting materials during a rim-seal fire, resulting in the sinking of the roof. Full surface fires can be suppressed using regular inspection programs. The main of these inspection programs is to identify pontoon failure and drain plugging as per API 653 standards. Unhindered full surface fires occur when there is a free admittance to the entire tank surface (Hildebrand and Gregory 38). These types of fires usually take place in fixed roof tanks that do not have pans (internal roofs). In these types of fires, the weak weld between the roof and the shell is broken and the roof separated from the shell mainly as a result of a particular incident. The fires may also be experienced in external floating roof tanks, where the design capacity of the storage tank may be overwhelmed by heavy rains. For tanks smaller than 45m, unobstructed full-surface fires are usually extinguished easily provided there are enough resources such as foam and water (Ritchie 7). For tanks larger than 45 meters, these fires may prove to be a problem and are usually quite difficult to manage mainly due to the large resources needed. According to Crawford (49), â€Å"the largest successfully extinguished full surface fire took place on 8th June 2001 in Norco, Louisiana.† A tank with a 325,000-barrel ca pacity, 82m in diameter and 10 meters high was struck by lightning and its contents ignited. The blaze was put out within 65 minutes of repression doings at the end of a 13-hour ordeal. The fire required 50% more water than the Burchfield site fire disaster. Fire risk mitigation The risk of storage tank fires is impossible to eliminate however, it can be greatly reduced through proper design, operation, and maintenance practices. Carrying out appropriate inspections as per the API 653 standards is important in recognizing design and maintenance issues with existing tanks (Shelley 68). API 653 details three main types of inspections: Monthly routine in-service inspections, formal in-service external inspections and out-of-service internal inspections. Monthly routine in-service inspections involves a visual inspection of tanks and exterior surfaces so as to identify shell distortions, evidence of leaks, paint coating, foundation condition, settlement, corrosion and the nature of insu lation system (Shelley 68). Formal in-service external inspections one the other hand are hand are compulsory checks carried out after every five years or sooner should the remaining corrosion allowance be less than 20 years. â€Å"If the corrosion allowance is less than 20 years, inspection must be carried out at a time period that is one quarter of the remaining estimated tank life† (Ritchie 8). This inspection mainly focuses on the fire protection system utilized, roof, access structure, shell appurtenances, dike, foundation, wind girder, and internal floating deck. The condition and operating capacity of these elements are assessed and a report is prepared as to their effectiveness and level of safety. The final type of inspections is the out-of-service internal inspections. These kinds of check should be carried out in a minimum of once in 20 years except a risk based check has been placed or at a sector of the storage tank remaining life. If a corrosion rate for the tan ks has not been identified, the inspections should be carried out every 10 years (API 86). â€Å"In order to undertake these inspections, the tanks must be emptied and cleaned† (API 87). Apart from visual inspection, a combination of ultrasonic thickness, magnetic flux, and leak testing is also applied. The main purpose of this inspection is to confirm the continued integrity of the tank through verifying that the bottom of the tank has acceptable levels of corrosion, gathering data for minimum shell and bottom thickness evaluations, and identification and evaluation of any settlement in the bottom of the tank. Apart from these, this evaluation also seeks to inspect the roof and the interior shell walls for localized pitting and general corrosion. In pontoons are present in the tank, they are inspected to evaluate them for corrosion and fracture that may lead to failure. Apart from safety controls installed in storage tanks, the use of effective inspection techniques is the m ost effective means of suppressing flammable and combustible liquids in storage tanks. Inspection enables the identification of anomalies before they escalate into major problems that may lead to catastrophic failure. Conclusion The storage of flammable and combustible liquids brings with it the inherent risk of explosion and fire hazards. There are three classes of both flammable and combustible liquids. These classes mainly determine the type of storage facilities to be used for storing these liquids. When storing flammable liquids there are various storage tanks designs that may be adopted. Each type of storage tank is prone to specific type of fire risk with some risks being shared across the full spectrum of the tanks. Using various standards such as NASP, various design, inspection, and maintenance practices have been developed to reduce the risk of fire or explosion in storage tanks. Researchers and scientists have also developed various fire fighting equipments and system th at are meant to ensure that the flammable and combustible liquids are safely contained. By identifying the type of fire common in storage tanks, one can chose the best prevention and suppression technique from a list of many methods. This will ensure that damage is kept to a minimum should the worst ever happen.  The most important suppression technique is proper inspection as per the laid down standards. Proper inspection ensures that all the information about the storage tank is continuously evaluated and that subtle changes can be made as required before small problems escalate to massive disasters causing loss of money and at times lives. Suppression and prevention of fires is important when dealing with flammable and combustible liquids is very important. It should be well planned in any industry or setting that contains storage tanks for these liquids. Having a suitable suppression system that is based in NASP guidelines can be crucial in deciding the outcomes of a particula r event in large companies or industries that are connected with storage of combustible and flammable liquids. American Petroleum Institute (API). Prevention and Suppression of Fires in Large  Above Ground Atmospheric Storage Tanks. Washington DC: API, 2006 Crawford, Edward. Tank Fire Suppression/Tank Overfill Prevention. Washington:  American Petroleum Institute, 2008. Hildebrand, M and Gregory Noll. Storage Tanks Emergencies: Guidelines and  Procedures. Anapolis, MD: Red Hat, 1997. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Fire Protection Handbook. 20th ed. Quincy,  MA: NFPA, 2008 Ritchie, Ray. â€Å"Preventing Storage Tank Fires†. Hydrocarbon Processing. November  (2009): 5-11 Shelley, Craig. â€Å"Storage Tank Fires: Is your Department Prepared†. Fire Engineering,  11.2 (1998): 63-69

Anthem and The Bet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anthem and The Bet - Essay Example People should be allocated duties and responsibilities in accordance to their talents. There is also no existence of crime and poverty. One theme in the short story The Bet is that material goods tend to influence one negatively away from important things in life. This is portrayed by the lawyer. After some years of separation from worldly things, he came to appreciate that there are more important things than material goods. After that, he chooses to abandon worldly things and embrace spiritual enlightenment (Daniel, 2005). Julius Caesar in Shakespeare play was murdered in a situation he termed as betrayal. Among the senators who murdered him was a person that Julius considered a close friend. Though he first resisted, he gave up on realization that Marcus was among the assassins. Both Julius Caesar of Shakespeare and the dying solder in Steve Allen’s of Death Watch Near Que Son experienced betrayal in their last moments (Daniel, 2005). They also died silently feeling that their dignity had been stumbled on. While Julius was betrayed by a friend, the dying solder was betrayed by his

History of Photography. Lewis Hine, Steelworkers, Empire State Essay

History of Photography. Lewis Hine, Steelworkers, Empire State Building, New York, 1931 - Essay Example In this essay I will focus on Lewis Hines photographs of men working on top of the Empire State Building skyscraper, which were taken in different years of its construction. I will try to compare the well-known Hines photograph titled as Steelworkers, which he took in 1931, with a number of other similar photographs taken by Lewis Hines atop of the Empire State Building in 1930s. Lewis Hines breathtaking photograph titled as Steelworkers,1 which he took on top of the Empire State Building in 1931, became a hymn to work and splendor of a great deed that a man could do to achieve the goal, no matter how incredible it might seem from the beginning. This amazing image shows two steelworkers on top of the skyscraper and makes one wonder how it is possible at all to work at such height without suffering vertigo. One can see a part of Manhattan on the background; the rest of the buildings down below seem so small comparing to the work place of these two brave men on top of the skyscraper that the image of them doing their ordinary work inspires admiration with courage and self mastery of these steelworkers sitting atop of one of the highest buildings in New York City. This photograph is a manifest of the fortitude of a man and incredible ability to overcome difficulties and dangers, although the scene of men at such height risking their lives to get the work done i nspires with awe. While one of the steelworkers is sitting on the beam holding the screw-bolt, another worker is using the electrical screw-driving machine to screw the bolt into the beam until tight. It is amazing how these men sacrifice their safety and risk their lives to erect the construction, where people would feel themselves perfectly safe one day. The calmness of these two men is an art itself. Both of them smile knowing that Hines is taking a photo of their work, but dont look at the camera as they are

The basis of structure, of life, and of mankind Essay Example for Free

The basis of structure, of life, and of mankind Essay Every single form of life on the planet is created and controlled by a chemical recipe, a chemical code consisting of hundreds of thousands of instructions in every single cell, the basis of structure, of life, and of mankind. Who, what, where, when, how, and why, are all questions which for centuries have remained unanswered. They demanded an extraordinary amount of skill, time, and precision from individuals the world over to be conquered to our current level of understanding. Many discoveries have led to the discovery of genetics. In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen, a german physicist, accidentally discovered x-rays, whilst studying cathode rays in a high voltage gaseous discharge tube. This marked the beginning of a long series of explorations and experiments, eventually leading to the discovery of DNA. A year later in 1896, Antoine Becquerel, this time a french physicist, discovered through experimentation and observation, the disintegration of electromagnetic rays (x-rays, and gamma rays), also known as radioactivity. He was observing the element uranium and saw that it could blacken a photographic plate even though the latter was separated by a sheet of glass and paper. Becquerel also noticed that the rays were capable of emitting charge captured by an electroscope, which showed they possessed an electric charge too. Becquerels idea was revolutionised in 1898 by Pierre and Marie Curie who suggested radioactivity occurred due to the structure of atoms. Max Von Laue then discovered x-ray diffraction in 1912, which was, not long after, mathematically interpreted by Lawrence Bragg by analysing the different diffraction patterns made by x-rays when they deviate from their original paths, due to closely spaced atoms in the crystal. Bragg didnt believe that Laues theory was correct in detail. He therefore carried out numerous experiments and concluded by using the now common Bragg law. This details at what angles x-rays will be most efficiently diffracted by crystals when the wavelength and distance between the crystal atoms are known. One very famous scientist who played a large part in the progression towards the discovery of DNA was Maurice Wilkins. Teamed with Rosalind Franklin, both x-ray crystallographers, their studies included analysing DNA crystals and diffraction. They discovered that the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule is present on the outside of the molecule and also discovered the basic helical structure of the molecule. The final breakthrough came in 1953, when Francis Crick, and James Watson (Wilkins was also a principal contributor) officially published their model for the structure of DNA. They discovered how information, governing heredity is carried in the chromosomes of human cells (DNA), hence determining physical development in every single cell of the individual. Procedures have evolved even further since then, which shows how much science can progress over the years. What begins as a small theory can drastically transform into an enormous scientific revolution, changing they way we would have previously visualised ideas. HUGO was set up in the year 2000. This organisation involves the very best scientists from all over the world and the technology of supercomputers and robotics also, and was set up originally in a bid to crack the genetic code. This occurred on the 26th of June 2000 and now provides the blueprint for all human life. Thanks to all the dedication of those scientists over centuries, many ideas previously considered as ridiculous are being reconsidered. Who would believe, for instance, that an actual living animal could be cloned using another animals DNA? It may have taken scientists over 250 attempts to clone Dolly the sheep, but they succeeded in the end. Could it now be seen as possible to clone a dinosaur? It could occur, although the odds of retrieving frozen, preserved, living cells are very slim. Another consideration would need to be finding a very closely related female living species for the cloning to work. An impossibility? Perhaps not! New technology derived from such scientific investigations now enable more effective medical treatments to be created, and also could help eradicate inherited diseases such as downs syndrome or some forms of cancer, giving people a better quality of life. Recent innovations are GM crops, and human cloning, over which there is much controversy. We do not yet know what disadvantages could occur if we mess with the chemical code for life. For all the advantages such as enabling crops to become drought resistant, creating decaffeinated coffee plants, and increasing disease and pest resistance, as well as maybe in the future being able to recreate an animal or person whom has died, or being able to choose how your baby will look, there are bound to be disadvantages. Recent research suggests that disease immunity decreases considerably in a cloned animal, than a normal animal. With such complicated and moral issues, the issue of religion must be considered. It can sometimes be perceived that science today is displacing the views of religion. For example it is believed that god created mankind. With evidence such as the above, it certainly questions the reliability of religion. I believe that both religion and science is important. The human race is forever wanting answers as to what they dont know. However, the amount of belief in religion seems to be declining due to people wanting evidence to support statements. No longer will they accept an idea as a safeguard because it is stated in the bible, they want to know why it is so. Its seems more people want to believe magic however. Maybe it is because science is so closely related to magic and is in itself a type of hocus pocus. It is a method of explaining why something occurs despite our limited knowledge and disbelief and doesnt need experiments to clarify it. In the past it was thought to contradict the bible, but, really it is another side of science which just needs to be explored. In the past, it was believed witches conjured magic. We now know that it is the planet earth which conjures up magic which is waiting to be uncovered. Altogether, it can be concluded that science has progressed dramatically over the years. It is a magic which is never ending and which will never cease to be investigated. It is an alternative way of looking at the world, which progresses everyday and which, just like religion or magic, brings about previously unheard of miracles. Science is always being revolutionised and is beginning to be seen by many as a new religion, which is gradually unfolding the mysteries the universe prevails.

Women and Politics Essay -- Sarah Palin

Introduction (Literature Review) When females started entering the political scene in the United States in significant numbers in the latter parts of the 20th century, they were faced with a number of predicaments. One of these predicaments centered around the language they were to use in the political arena. As members of the â€Å"other† group, women were forced, in many ways, to adopt the speech patterns of their male counterparts. As Blankenship & Robson pointed out in their research, â€Å"Once women were allowed a modest entrà © [sic] onto the political playing field, they either had to speak the dominant language of power and prove themselves â€Å"tough enough† or remain forever the linguistic sissy† (354). Within the past couple of decades, however, the roles of women collectively in society and politics have changed drastically, prompting some to question whether feminine political discourse still exists – and if so, to what extent. Around the mid to late-1980s, literature on the topic of feminine discourse in politics first began to surface in abundance – possibly as a result of the Democratic Party’s nomination of Geraldine Ferraro as the first female vice presidential candidate on a major party ticket in 1984. Originally, feminine discourse was merely a speech pattern characterized by â€Å"its personal tone, references to personal experience, inductive reasoning, the use of anecdotes and examples as evidence, audience participation, and identification between the speaker and audience† (Campbell, 1989, p. 13). Since that time, however, it has evolved tremendously. In fact, Dow and Tonn (1993) asserted through their study of Texas governor Ann Richard’s speeches that this new feminine speech was an â€Å"alternative political philosophy’’ ... ... is incredibly new and full of ambiguity. As mentioned before, there is a great deal of knowledge that has yet to be uncovered on the topic of gender and political discourse – particularly with regards to female candidates at the national level. As the scope of politics in America continues to change, and as more female politicians become figures on the national stage, the importance of research of this nature. However, through this particular study at hand, I intend to highlight the commonalities in female politicians’ performance of their feminine identities through discourse in hopes of coming to a conclusion of what â€Å"feminine† political discourse looks like in this decade. In doing so, I hope to establish the groundwork for future discussion on the evolution of discourse used by female candidates seeking political offices, a topic that is rarely discussed. â€Æ'

Coursework Draft-Sci-fi Narrative Essay

I’m fed up of my life. Everyday it’s the same routine. I sat in front of my loyal and reliable pc and opened my notorious chat room. It was quarter to ten and I’ve waited for valuable information to electronically crop up. Out of the blue a bizarre message appeared. â€Å"Do you crave for paypal account details?† I read out. This message quenched my desire for priceless details. Quickly I typed and replied hell yeah. A list of words emerged on the colossal liquid crystal display screen. I examined the passage. It was an instruction for a paypal account with à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 250,000 deposited in. The particular participant had written this under the pseudonym Omega. Before starting my money-hungry pursuit I printed the information in a sleek laminated sheet, wore my personalised arsenal top, baggy tracksuit bottoms and my flamboyant air max ltd plus I grabbed a handy USB. As I strolled across Faraday Avenue, I pulled out the information and read it aloud. â€Å"Go to the laboratory in Faraday Avenue.† I scan the industrialised scenery and found the laboratory that fitted in the description. The old decrepit lab seems to contrast with the spanking new surroundings. I entered as silent as a scared, stealthy mouse and switched on the lights. Rats and other rodents scurried away and the room smells like horse manure. I could feel the moisture gradually building up on my light beige-like caramel skin because of the humidity. I read the next instruction clearly and said â€Å"stand in front of the main computer.† I stood patiently and waited for the next instruction. Suddenly the computer displayed countless binary digits scrolling down rapidly as if it was initiating a complex program phase. As fast as the speed of light a bright light materialized and I was teleported. â€Å"Wahhhh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I uttered, startled. I felt as if I was falling for a few moments, but then I felt stable. Unaware of closing my eyes, I opened them, blinking. â€Å"Hello, I’m Omega.† said a voice. Stood before me was a man dressed in a funny fashion. â€Å"Welcome to cyberspace utopia.† â€Å"Hey!† I shouted. â€Å"Where are the money packed accounts you promised me.† â€Å"You must facilitate me first.† â€Å"What’s the catch chum?† Omega took a deep breath before explaining. â€Å"Delete the master program by using your infamous virus called exterminator V2.90025.† â€Å"Why should I?† I reprimanded. â€Å"This is the program which controls the national grid. The master program or MP was upgraded to version 3.95 and gained artificial intelligence. He will annihilate the national grid and wipe out Great Britain as we know it.† â€Å"Okay,† I said in a sarcastic manner. â€Å"Where do I start?† â€Å"Head towards the control panel, there you will upload the super virus.† he responded. I scrutinized the strange environment to find the control panel. The vibrant and colourful place looked more developed in terms of technology than Earth. Circuit boards are the floor, USB ports and chips are situated everywhere and the shrilling sound of booting could be heard. I soon found a neon sign saying control panel 2 terabytes ahead. Omega threw a miniature capsule at the floor and a gleaming electro-cycle appears out of nowhere. â€Å"Hop in,† he hollered. I approached to touch the glossy exterior before jumping in. Omega started the engine and told me to brace myself. Before I knew it the cycle soars into the distance and stopped in front of a majestic tower. â€Å"Here, take this e-katana and help me delete MP’s minions.† whispered Omega. It was an electric blade with a light handle. Rapidly he stuck a cap on his head and cocked his twin pistols. Swiftly a group of similar people attacked us. I felt an uplifting sensation running through my feeble bones and with just a mighty heave, the swarm of minions were obliterated. Soon after, the next wave chased after us as we dashed towards the MP’s lair. Omega blasted them as if it was a game of space invaders whilst I was plunging my e-katana through several chests. The minions were â€Å"deleted† and we headed cautiously towards a giant door. There was a small console next to the door and I soon began to do what I do best – hacking. The door was soon opened and we continued. It was a dull room with three giant computers. â€Å"Quickly upload the virus.† he said in a drastic tone. While I was uploading the virus on the third computer through my USB a mysterious figure appeared in the room. He was a tall dark man with a ferret like moustache. Omega leaped towards him and cries out hurry. Omega tried his best to stall but he was beheaded by his deadly claws. The virus was uploaded and he screamed in horror. I soon realised who he was†¦

Separation of Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll B, and Beta...

Abstract Pigments extracted from different greens have different polarities and may be different colors. Mixed pigments can be separated using chromatography paper. Chromatography paper is able to separate mixed pigments due to their polarity and solubility. Pigments of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and beta carotene will be separated on chromatography paper because each has its own polarity and solubility, which results in different distance traveled up the paper. Beta carotene is non-polar so it travels the highest distance, followed by chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b is the most polar; therefore, it travels the shortest distance. The separated pigments on the chromatography paper can be eluted in acetone and absorbance spectrum is†¦show more content†¦Beta carotene is orange, and its graph created by spectrophotometer shows that it mostly absorbs blue and green light and reflects orange. Figure 1. The absorption spectrum for leaf pigment, wavelength in nm. Discussion During the separation of the pigments by chromatography paper, chlorophyll b traveled the shortest distance, chlorophyll a went above it, and the highest went beta carotene. ThisShow MoreRelatedAp Biologly Photosynthesis Lab Report1336 Words   |  6 Pagesby a process called chromatography. We will also be measuring the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. Beta carotene, the most abundant carotene in plants, is carried along near the solvent front because it is very soluble in the solvent being used and because it forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Xanthophyll is found further from the solvent font because it is less soluble in the solvent and has been slowed down by hydrogen bonding to the cellulose. Chlorophylls contain oxygen andRead MoreChromatography1984 Words   |  8 PagesCOLUMN AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY Maria Janine B. Abarientos, Kuia B. Allarde, Aliana Keshia P. Andino Mary Viadelle E. Andrada and Nina Marian Robelea G. Ang Group 1 2C Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT In this experiment, the techniques column and thin layer chromatography was used to separate and determine the purity of the colored components of siling labuyo and malunggay leaves. The results obtained relied on differential solubilities and adsorptivities of the components to